Shouldn t you be able to discharge your student loans in a bankruptcy?
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Shouldn t you be able to discharge your student loans in a bankruptcy?
Many students today leave college and graduate schools with mounting bills before they ever commence their employment life. In many cases these student loans can amount to an excess of $200,000. The monthly payments new graduates face can be as significant as $1,200 per month. Couple that payment with the uncertainty of the US and world economy and the situation truly appears to be grim. Many of today s young professionals and working class amass large unsecured debt through credit card purchases just to get by. They do not earn even as much money as the median person in their state. Many have purchased homes with current fair market values worth many thousands of dollars less then their mortgages, and in many cases fall behind on their payments. What are their options negotiate with their creditors? If these debtors can not afford to commit to the massive payments, then negotiation is not an option. Their only true salvation is a chapter 7 bankruptcy.
The debtors certainly can get some relief from filing for bankruptcy. If they have incurred massive credit card debt, medical bills, or even judgments for failure to pay debts, those all can be wiped out as unsecured debt. If they can not afford their home, they can always walk away from it. Even if the bank can not recoup their money and obtains a deficiency judgment against the debtor, that judgment is not secured as the mortgage was, it can also be stripped. However, many young debtors largest concern and most significant payment comes in the form of their student loan. What happens to that debt? Currently, a student loan is not secured in any collateral, but it is considered a priority debt, and can not be wiped out quite so easily.
In order for a debt to be discharged, it first must be classified as a consumer debt. The debt must have been incurred for a personal, household or family purpose. For example, most courts have held that taxes are not consumer debts within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code. Debts incurred in the production of income are generally not considered consumer debts. Compass Bank v. Meyer (In re Meyer), 296 B.R. 849 (2003). Other courts, including two courts of appeals, have adopted the ”profit motive” test. Baskin v. G. Fox and Co., 550 F. Supp. 64 (D. Conn. 1982). Under this test, a debt is not a consumer debt if it ”was incurred with an eye toward profit.” In re Booth, 858 F.2d 1051, 1055, (5th Cir. 1988). If a debt is incurred partly for business purposes and partly for personal, family or household purposes, the term ”primarily” in the definition suggests that whether the debt is a ”consumer debt” should depend upon which purpose predominates. Presumably, this determination would normally turn on the purpose for which most of the funds were obtained. In re Booth. Under this test, courts have concluded that student loans may or may not be consumer debts, depending in part on the motivation for obtaining them. In re Stewart, 175 F.3d 796 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 1997). The court held a student loan classification depends on facts; in the case, classification of a portion of medical school loans as consumer debt was not erroneous.
If a court determines that a student loan is a consumer debt, which in and of itself still will not provide grounds to discharge the loan. A court must find pursuant to Section 523(a)(8) of the US Bankruptcy Code, that the student loan qualifies as an undue hardship which allows the court to discharge an otherwise nondischargeable priority debt if excluding the debt from discharge will necessitate an undue hardship on the debtor or the debtor’s dependents. Such a judicial decision is discretionary with the bankruptcy judge in determining whether payment of the debt will cause undue hardship on the debtor, thus defeating the ”fresh start” concept of the bankruptcy laws.
The most widely used test for evaluating the dischargeability of a student loan under section 523(a)(8) states that the debt is dischargeable if three conditions are met:
1. The debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a ”minimal” standard of living if forced to repay the loans;
2. There are indications that the state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period; and
3. The debtor made good faith efforts to repay the loans. Brunner v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp., 831 F.2d 395 (2d Cir. 1987)
The Supreme Court has stated that section 523(a)(8) is ‘’self-executing” and that ”[u]nless the debtor affirmatively secures a hardship determination, the discharge order will not include a student loan debt.” Tennessee Student Assistance Corp. v. Hood, 541 U.S. 440 (2004). In other words, student loan debt remains due until there is a determination that the loan is dischargeable. Underwood v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc. (In re Underwood), 299 B.R. 471 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2003).
To demonstrate the current criteria used by the Bankruptcy court to discharge a student loan, the district of Massachusetts has set a high bar. The debtor was a 32 year old unmarried woman who suffered from relapsing, recurring Multiple Sclerosis. The debtor’s currently monthly income totaled $ 1101. The court found that the debtor’s minimum expenses exceed her income. The debtor would have to give up her telephone and her gas money to become even marginally solvent. The court also found that the debtor had made Herculean efforts to both find work of a type she could perform and actually work despite facing daunting physical obstacles. Finally, the court found that the debtor’s current condition, which had worsened since she first became symptomatic, would continue to impair her ability to find employment that would improve her financial status. The court reasoned in part that it had been able to observe many of the debtor’s symptoms first-hand. Denittis v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Denittis), 362 B.R. 57 (First Circuit for the District of Massachusetts 2007).
As a further example of how precarious a debtor s situation must be, the same court as above denied the debtor s motion to discharge her student loan. The court held the educational loans were not dischargeable under 11 U.S.C.S. 523(a)(8) because the debtor’s prospects for increasing income over time were promising and, by slightly cutting her expenses, she could make the minimal payments towards her student loan obligations under the Income Contingent Repayment Plan. Brunell v. Citibank (SD) N.A. (In re Brunell), 356 B.R. 567 (1st Circuit, 2006).
The forgoing article on bankruptcy relief from student loans was drafted by Attorney Michael Goldstein, a <a href="http://www.goldsteinandclegglaw.com/bankruptcy_blog">Massachusetts Bankruptcy Attorney</a>.
Finding that Perfect Bankruptcy Attorney isn t that Hard
Bankruptcy can be a very confusing time in one s life because although it means seeking out a bankruptcy attorney to bring about some sort of financial stability, it also means putting your immediate financial future on hold. On the other hand, you won t have to worry about creditors harassing you anymore. Even though filing bankruptcy constitutes a fresh start, the fresh start doesn t begin until ten years after your bankruptcy is discharged. In the meantime, it is possible to acquire some credit from those creditors who are friendly to those who have filed bankruptcy. But you must first find a bankruptcy attorney to get the ball rolling. Some charge different rates to get your bankruptcy started, so you want to find an attorney who has reasonable rates. A great place to check is the website Get Lawyer Advice where you can get legal advice and a list of lawyers for each state. Upon locating the appropriate bankruptcy attorney, you can begin your journey to financial stability. Whether you are filing a chapter 13 bankruptcy or chapter 7, your attorney is going to ask that you put some money down or pay the entire amount toward filing your bankruptcy. After you have put down the specified amount, your bankruptcy attorney will then look at creditor statements, etc. to ensure your amount of debt exceeds the specified amount that enables you to file bankruptcy. Once this is determined, your attorney will fill out a petition and by law you will be required to attend a credit counseling session. Unfortunately, if you are not happy with the attorney performing your bankruptcy, they may not refund your money. There are cases in which this has happened and clients have had to move on to another attorney. Again, this is why it is important that you research who you want to be your representing attorney and the internet is a great way to do that. Just remember that finding a good bankruptcy attorney does not have to be difficult with powerful tools such as the internet. Simply look at what other people have to say regarding the various attorneys, look at track records, and years of experience. With this, you will surely find yourself a competent attorney to handle your bankruptcy inquiry. To find that perfect bankruptcy attorney, go to www.getlawyeradvice.com to locate a bankruptcy lawyer within your state and learn valuable information regarding bankruptcy laws and procedures.
http://www.getlawyeradvice.com
6 Things to do if involved in a Motorcycle Accident
Motorcycle accidents have a reputation for being some of the deadliest. Motorcycles offer little protection to riders in the event of an accident; therefore the injuries are often severe requiring long recovery periods. Usually, motorcycle accidents are not the biker s fault. Due to the size difference between a motorcycle and passenger vehicle, motorcycles are harder to see and are frequently lost in the passenger vehicle s blind spot. Due to this fact biker s are often sideswiped by vehicles that simply did not see them. Some shocking statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show that motorcyclists are 32 times more likely to die in an accident than passenger vehicle occupants, and 6 times more likely to suffer injuries. It is important to remember that biker s are entitled to compensation for injuries due to someone else s negligence as well as passenger vehicle drivers. If you are involved in a motorcycle accident it is important to remember the following things: 1. Report the accident to police. The police report is helpful to your auto accident injury lawyer in determining fault. 2. Record the names and statements of witnesses to your accident. Take pictures and record any unusual circumstances or whether that may have contributed to the accident. This will be especially useful should your case go to court. 3. Do not speak with any insurance agents or adjusters that may show up at the scene. This is an unscrupulous tactic sometimes used to get people to admit fault or say something that could hurt their claim. 4. Call your insurance company to report the accident. Do not speak with the other party s insurance carrier. Let your motorcycle accident injury lawyer deal with them. 5. Even if you feel you haven t sustained a serious injury, it is a good idea to get checked out by a physician. Some brain injuries do not show up right away and insurance companies may be reluctant to pay for an injury later on. 6. Contact a motorcycle accident injury lawyer as soon as possible.
Michele Wallace, the author of this article, writes for the <a href= http://www.maliselawfirm.com/><b> MaliseLawFirm"</b></a>. Malaise handles motorcycle accident cases for the citizens of San Antonio.
Debtor's Rights - Credit Report
A bad credit report can prevent you from obtaining credit. If you have trouble obtaining credit, it might be because a credit agency has issued a bad report on you. You might be able to obtain a copy of your report and -if it contains false information - get it corrected. Can I see my credit report? If you are denied credit, you are entitled to a free copy of the consumer credit report that formed the basis of the denial. The creditor is required to tell you the name of the credit reporting agency that prepared the report on you. You must request a copy of your credit report from the agency within sixty days of the denial. The three major credit reporting agencies are: Experian, (800) 301-7195 Equifax, (800) 525-6285 Trans Union, (800) 680-7289 When the creditor tells you the name of the reporting agency that furnished the report, call them to find out their address. Then write a letter to the agency requesting a copy of your report. Even if you have not been denied credit, it is probably a good idea to check your credit report for accuracy periodically. They often contain mistakes, and when you want to get a loan, you may not have time to correct them. Because you haven’t been denied credit, the report isn’t free. The credit reporting agency is allowed to charge you no more than $8.00 for a copy of your report. What information is in a credit report? In general, your credit report will contain information about your credit history during the last seven years. It will show: Whomyou have borrowed money from The amount of the debt Whether or not you made the promised payment on time and in full The identity of any creditor who has requested information about you If you file bankruptcy, the information remains on your credit report for ten years. What if my credit report is incorrect? You have a legal right to challenge the completeness and accuracy of any item in the report. Write a letter to the credit reporting agency explaining that some of the information in the report is incomplete or inaccurate. The agency must investigate your claim - without charge - within thirty days. The agency is required to delete any information that is inaccurate or whose accuracy cannot be verified. If the credit reporting agency’s investigation does not resolve the dispute, you have the right to send the agency a brief statement (generally 100 words or fewer) explaining your position. Your statement will become a part of your credit report and will be disclosed to creditors together with the other information in your file. If you believe a credit reporting agency has violated your rights, contact the Federal Trade Commission or see a lawyer who specializes in consumer rights.
Henry Dahut. Please Visit Us at www.GotTrouble.com
Bankruptcy Alternatives Explained
There are many steps you can take in efforts to improve your credit, eliminate your debt, and avoid bankruptcy. Which should be the ultimate goal of all people, while bankruptcy is an excellent method of helping you clear up your debt, it should only be used as a last resort. Bankruptcy remains on your credit for up to ten years and it could result in the inability to retain any other type of credit until it has been removed or several years has passed.
On thing that a debtor can do, this is especially true if they have no income or assets, is to do nothing. Yes that is right nothing, if you have no assets or income that can be garnished bankruptcy would not benefit you in any way, your financial situation would not change as a result. It is likely that without anything of high value, credits would not attempt to take any court action against you because there would be nothing they could collect.
Another step you could take is to undergo credit counseling, you would learn how to manage your money to reduce the debt. You could create a budget that contains your monthly income and expenses, thus reducing expenses. By doing this, any extra money you have could go towards reducing the debt you owe to creditors.
You could also begin negotiation with your creditors, most of them realize that bankruptcy is a viable option for those who have more debt than they can handle. For this reason, most will be willing to ?take what they can get? rather than get nothing if the debtor files bankruptcy. This option requires that the debtor has income or assets that can be used in efforts to raise money to apply towards the debt you owe. Additionally, this can allow you to rebuild your credit instead of applying a negative bankruptcy on it.
Debt consolidation is another bankruptcy alternative that many could consider, by consolidating your debts into one low monthly payment you could easily reduce the amount of your debt, get the creditors off your back and avoid bankruptcy.
Finally, another option of avoiding bankruptcy is to make a formal proposal directly to your creditors. This proposal or also knows as a deal, will allow you to create a payment plan. It is all dependent upon what area of the world you live in and the laws surrounding the area of debt compromise.
Tim Renolds is the owner of <a href="http://www.loan-source.co.uk">Debt Consolidation Loan</a> providing Uk homeowners with a free loan quote service. Visit us today for a free no obligation quote.
